'Inna

Rules regarding a word joined by a conjunction with the noun of 'Inna or with one of its sisters.

Consider the following sentence



إن زيدا قائم

Indeed, Zaid [is] standing

Zaid is the noun (اسم) of 'inna and qaa'imun is the predicate (خبر)




Now if we were to add another noun to the sentence at the end (i.e. after the completion of this sentence) then the word could be in the accusative case (منصوب) or the nominative case (مرفوع).




Let's say we decide to add a noun with a conjunction



We could add it as


إن زيدا قائم وعمرا


or


إن زيدا قائم وعلي




In the first example, the noun (عمرا) is in the accusative case based on the fact that Zaid (زيدا) is also in the accusative case



In the second example, the noun (علي) it is in the nominative case. This can be understood based on looking at the sentence in two ways:

• علي is attached based on the fact that Zaid is in reality the subject of the sentence and had it not been for 'inna it would have been in the nominative case.
  
  
• The word علي is attached based on it being a part of an entire sentence the predicate of which is omitted and in reality two sentences are joined by means of a conjunction and the meaning is

إن زيدا قائم وعلي كذلك

Indeed, Zaid [is] standing and 'Ali [is] like that





All the above rules are applicable if the word is added after the completion of the sentence with a conjunction and not prior to the predicate. Rules regarding addition of a word to a sentence prior to mention of the predicate differ.

If a noun was to be added prior to the predicate, then the noun must be in the accusative case.


إن زيدا وعليا قائمان


Only some have permitted the nominative case.

Verbal noun

The verbal noun, in Arabic, known as المصدر can have an active meaning or passive meaning depending on the context in which it is used.


ضربه

Darbuhu


This can mean his beating someone else or it can mean his being beaten by someone else.


So if it were said

ضربه شديد

Darbuhu shadeed(un)

His beating [is] severe.

It can mean that his beating is severe meaning that when he beats someone he does so very severely.

It can also mean that he was given a beating which was very severe. 

Adjective cut off from its noun - النعت المقطوع

النعت المقطوع

This is an adjective which does not follow the noun it describes in respect to the vowel signs of the noun.


By definition an adjective is to follow the noun it describes in respect to the vowel signs of the noun.

• So, if a noun is in the nominative case, the adjective must be in the nominative case.
• If the noun is in the accusative case, the adjective must be in the accusative case.
• If the noun is in the genitive case, the adjective must be in the genitive case.

But in this case the adjective is in a case different than that of the noun it describes. Thus, it is said to be cut off.

Consider the following example

أقتد بعمرَ العادلُ

اقتد:  فعل أمر مبني على حذف حرف العلة

In this example, the first word is a verb which is the verb of command.

بعمر: اسم مجرور بحرف الجر، علامته الفتحة لانه ممنوع من الصرف

The second word is a noun to which is attached the preposition bi. It is, thus, in the genitive case. The word is of the category nouns which are mamnoo' min Al-Sarf and hence has fatha on it in place of kasrah to indicate its genitive state.

العادل: خبر لمبتدأ محذوف تقديره هو

This is the adjective for the noun before it. The noun is in the genitive case so this adjective should also be in the genitive case but is, instead, in the nominative case. It is cut off from its adjective.



It is actually a predicate for a subject which is omitted and understood to be "he." This "he" refers back to the noun before.

قُطعَ النعتُ (العادلُ) عن وصف الاسم المجرور قبله فلم يتبعه في إعرابه ، ليؤدي

في الجملة معنى أقوى من الوصف، وهو المدحُ

The reason the adjective Al-'aadil has been cut off from the noun in the genitive case before it and has not followed it in respect to the vowel signs is to signify in the sentence a meaning which is stronger than that provided by a simple adjective. It serves to insert praise for Umar in the sentence by means of cutting of the adjective from the noun in respect to vowel signs.


Reference(s):

School Arabia - النعت المقطوع

The Verb

Most verbs in Arabic are triliteral. This means that they are composed of three letters.



While most verbs are composed of three letters, there are also verbs which are composed of four letters.




The verb has a first or ground form. From this ground form other verb forms are derived. These derived forms are related in some way, usually, to the ground form of the verb they are derived from.


The first or ground form of the tiliteral verb is


فَعَلَ

Fa'ala

From this ground form are derived:


فَعَّلَ

Fa''ala


فَاعَلَ
   
Fa'ala

أَفْعَلَ

'Af'ala

تَفَعَّلَ

Tafa''ala

تَفَاعَلَ

Tafaa'ala

اِنْفَعَلَ

'infa'ala

اِفْتَعَلَ

'ifta'ala

اِفْعَلَّ

'if'alla

اِسْتَفْعَلَ

'istaf'ala

اِفْعَالَّ

'ifaalla

اِفْعَوْعَلَ

'if'au'ala

اِفْعَوَّلَ

'if'awwala

اِفْعَنْلَلَ

'if'anlala

اِفْعَنْلَى

'if'anlaa